Biology+I+HW

1091

1 Nonspecific- always active, attacks any pathogen Specific- B and T cells, only attacks certain pathogens

3. See p1087 and (inflammatory response slides)

4. Lymphatic system- structure see p 1086 Function: Allows B and T cells to travel throughout the body, destroying pathogens

p1099

1 Pathogen causes disease

19 C. Your skin is the first line of defense

23 Specific- acts quickly, but not as effective

Nonspecific- Takes time to work but is more effective

26 Helper T cells- helps to activate the acquired immune system (other T cells and B cells)

Cytotoxic T cells- Kills infected human cells

p940

2. Skin- barrier Hair: Insulation, sensory functions Nails- Protection and manipulation 3. The integumentary system allows people to have a barrier and protection against pathogens and other environmental factors

p946 #2 Red bone marrow makes blood cells, yellow bone marrow is stored fat

p951 1.
 * Type || Function || Location ||
 * Skeletal || Voluntary movement || Skeleton ||
 * Cardiac || Pumps blood (involuntary) || Heart ||
 * Smooth || Transportation (involuntary) || Walls of organs ||

2 Voluntary- skeletal Involuntary- smooth and cardiac

p999

1. The main function is to pump blood and provide nutrients and oxygen to your body

2- See Fig 34.4 and 34.6

5. Plasma- liquid part of blood

Red blood cells- transport oxygen

White blood cells- defend against disease

Platelets- clot blood

1004

1 The respiratory system gets oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body.

3. Air travels into the nose where it is filtered. It passes through the trachea where it is filtered further and then will enter the bronchi. The bronchi branch out until the air reaches an alveoli where the oxygen will pass to the blood stream/

1009

5 Kidney failure can result in death because the kidney's filter wastes out of the blood and without that function humans could be poisoned by the wastes.

p422

1. Charles Darwin used several lines of evidence for evolution

Transitional Species: Fossils that connect past and present species (whale fossils)

Biogeography: Organisms from similiar areas have similiar traits (Darwin's Finches)

Embryos: Embryos of different species have similiar structures that develop into different features in the adult form (Chicken and Human embryo)

Homologous Anatomy: Organisms have similar anatomical traits that suggest they have a common ancestor (bird, cat, bat, human, mole, dog, etc front limbs)

Vestigial Organs: Structures that don't surf a purpose in modern species but did in their ancestors (whale back legs)

2. Artificial selection is the idea that humans breed animals so they can have the best traits. Natural selection is a similar idea except instead of humans deciding what are the best traits, the environment determines it.

3. Populations have:

1. A variety of traits (some are better/ more fit than others) 2. These traits are inherited 3. There are too many organisms that are born

You can use these facts to infer that: Organisms with the best traits are more likely to survive and pass those traits on

p430

1. Fossils can be used to compare living and extinct species to determine an evolutionary relationship and be used to find transitional species

2. Natural selection predicts that organisms who are more fit (such as those who are mimics or have camouflage) are more likely to survive and reproduce. Organisms with vestigial structures or homologous structures must have, at one point, shared a common ancestor. The different environments of the descendants of the common ancestor resulted in different traits.

3. Biochemistry (such as cellular or DNA or RNA similarities) suggest that if organisms have many similarities at a basic level, they must have a recent common ancestor

4 Morphological evidence would be evidence based on observations (vestigial organs, homologous structures, embryos, etc). Biochemical evidence is stronger because observational evidence can be wrong (such as two organisms have similar features but not having a close common ancestor).

p445

6. Darwin's theory of evolution states:

Some organisms have better traits for their environment than others (such as the dark bugs). They are more likely to survive and pass those traits on so eventually, the population should all have the better traits

Meiosis HW

1. Meiosis consists of 2 rounds of cell division, resulting in cells with half the number of chromosomes/

4. see p 273

5. Meiosis splits up chromosomes in different ways, resulting in different cells. Mitosis creates copies of a cell.

6. See p275

p289

1. A diploid cell is one with 2n chromosomes

2. Gametes are formed during meiosis

5. The diagram is of metaphase 2 (see p 273)-D

6. The chromosomes will divide- D

8. Meiosis is the process by which gametes are made. Gametes then fuse together during fertilization to create an offspring.

Mitosis HW

Sheet a. Mitosis can be used to replace old cells, growth, and in asexual organisms, for reproduction.

b. In the S phase, the DNA is copied. You can see the 2 chromatids stuck together to form a chromosomes in the picture or could test the amount of DNA before and after the S phase

c. Should have a picture of 2 cells with 4 chromatid apiece inside

Carrot

If a carrot has 18 chromosomes, after mitosis, the cell should still have 18 chromosomes so B

Lung cancer cells, as with all cancer cells, do not regulate mitosis correctly, C

Book

p247 # 2,4

2. There are 3 stages

Interphase: DNA copies, cell performs normal function Mitosis: Nucleus Divides Cytokinesis: cell Divides

4. See Figure 9.3 on p246

p252 #1,2,4,5

1. Mitosis splits the nucleus; cytokinesis creates 2 new cells

2. See p 249

4. PRophase is the longest

5. In a plant cell, a new cell wall is built. In an animal cell, the cell is pinched apart.

Cellular respiration HW

p237

1. ATP is the energy used in the cell

4. Metabolism is the chemical reactions that create energy in the cell

5. During photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy

9.A- ATP

10. Autotrophs obtain energy by making their own food through photosynthesis. Heterotrophs obtain energy from eating food.

29 An anaerobic process is one that does not require oxygen

30 Fermentation is the process by which ATP can be produced without oxygen

31 Aerobic is a process that requires oxygen

33 B Mitochondrion

40 After exercising for a long time, your muscles hurt because lactic acid has built up at fermentation has increased due to a lack of oxygen.

41 The oxygen in the carbon dioxide or in water comes from the oxygen in sugar or oxygen that is breathed in.

RNA HW

1a- DNA: Has deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, ATCG for nitrogen bases and is a double helix RNA- ribose sugar, phosphate, AUCG for nitrogen bases, variety of shapes

1b tRNA- transfer RNA- holds amino acids rRNA- ribosomal RNA- makes up ribosomes (where proteins are made) mRNA- messenger RNA- holds the genetic message for making proteins; a copy of DNA

DNA Replication HW

From Sheet Given Out In Class

Questions

1a. How is DNA replicated- See class notes

1b- DNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds the new DNA nucleotides to the original DNA strand using the base pairing rules A with T and C with G.

2b- If damaged DNA were replicated that person could get a disease or cancer.

19 In the eukaryotes, nearly all of the DNA is in the nucleus- A

20 In the diagram, the process of DNA replication is shown- A

21 The main enzymes involved in the linking individual nucleotides into DNA molecules is DNA polymerase.- D

22 Base pairing refers to the fact that A always bonds with T and C always bonds with G. Base pairing is used to copy the DNA strands (see notes above)

24- See the notes above. What a DNA molecule is replicated, the new DNA is the same as the old DNA.

25 DNA replication is similar to photocopying because both result in a copy of something being made. However, unlike DNA replication, the original that is photocopied is preserved and not made in the new copies. With DNA replication, the original DNA strands are found in the copies.