Biology+II+HW

Ecology Review Sheet (given in class)

1. From least to most comprehensive (smallest to largest): organism, population, community, ecosystem

2. Any abiotic factors that are in a fish tank (light, water, nutrients, rocks, etc)

4. Population density depends on the size of the population and the area in which it is in

5. Since there are only patches of sunlight, you would expect there to be clumped distributions of plants in the sunlight

6 c

11. Design a lab procedure to measure the effect of water temperature on population growth

Sample

Setup 3 tanks with phytoplankton inside of them. Have one be at the normal temperature, one at a low temperature, and one at a high temperature. Measure the growth of the plankton

12. The estimate would be too high because more mice were coming back to that area because of the food then if they were randomly coming and going from that area

13/14 Opinion

1. c

2. alga- producer grasshopper- either primary or secondary level consumer zooplankton- primary consumer eagle- tertiary consumer fungi- detritivore

3. d

6. succession

7. More energy is lost because not all the grain is eaten or not all the beef is eaten and there is more energy lost to heat.

11. The kangaroo rat kept the wildflower population under control by eating it. When the rats could not get in, the wildflowers grew out of control.

12. Any reasonable answer- should include producers, primary/secondary consumers, decomposers, etc

13 Opinion

Speciation HW

p290 # 1-7,10-16,18-19

1. a- Allopatric speciation- geographic isolation b Sympatric isolation- different environments leads to biological change

2. a. overlapping geographic areas b reinforcement c fusion d stability e increased f decreased

3. c 4 b 5 b 6 d 7c 10 a 11 e 12 e

13 Variation within a species can make the same species appear to be 2 different species Geographically isolated populations may live in different locations but could still be able to interbreed Asexual species or fossils cannot be checked for interbreeding

14 If the island is close to the mainland, species that can swim or fly can still reach the island, resulting in continued gene flow

15 Punctuated equilibria describes a rate at which speciation occurs, with a species diverging relatively quickly and then remaining unchanged for long periods of time

16 Microevolution is small changes in the frequency of different genes/ traits from generation to generation. Speciation occurs over long periods of time and resulting in many changes in the gene pool.

18. Opinion

19. Opinion

Evolution HW Sheet

1. Darwinian fitness is estimated by how many offspring are produced b 2. Vestigal traits are those that are reduced in some way d 3. An adaptation is a trait that improves the fitness b 4. Transitional forms support the idea that species changed over time d 6. c is correct

1. Mutation proposes refers to the fact that species can only develop new traits due to mutations. These mutations may or may not be fit adaptations. The process of natural selection will determine which are fit for the environment in which a population lives.

5. Yes- had to explain why- explanations may vary

6. Organisms who have traits that are "fit enough" will also survive, in addition to the most fit individuals in an population.

p274 #1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,11,12,14,16

1. Darwin based his theory of decent on two observations: organisms produce many offspring and each organism has various traits that are heritable. Based on this, he came up with natural selection: organisms with the most fit inherited traits are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those traits to their offspring.

2. a genetic drift b gene flow c directional selection d small population e founder event f bottle neck event g natural selection

3 e- Darwin never read Mendel's paper

4 a Fitness has to do with passing on traits

5 c Mutations are rare

6 b preserve genetic variation

7 c bird and insect wings

9 b molecular biology

11 c

12 Evidence for evolution

1. Homology- Anatomical structures or molecule simularities in different species 2. Transitional Forms- Fossils that connect modern species with ancestral species 3. Biogeography- organisms whose common ancestor came from the same area will have similar characteristics 4. Comparative embryology- embryos from different species have similar characteristics that become different structures in their adult forms

14. Natural selection is not 'survival of the fittest' but rather of the fit enough. Organisms that have traits that will allow them to survive and reproduce need not have 'ideal' traits.

16 Opinion

Bio Tech HW and Cancer HW

book p252 a. PCR b. restriction enzymes c. Gel electrophoresis d. stain or florescent dyes e. gene cloning f. gene library
 * 1

2. transgenic means genes from 2 species so d is the answer 3. stick ends can bond to nucleotides with complimentary ends so c is the answer 4. The bands are different sizes of DNA fragments so B is the answer 5. Science the gene was from a human, it would contain introns that would normally be removed in a human cell but cannot be removed in a bacteria cell- C 6. To increase the amount of DNA, you use PCR- B 8. First, isolate the gene for HGH from a human sample. You can do this using a DNA probe or using info from the Human Genome Project. Once you have the gene, you can insert it into a plasmid by using a restriction enzyme to cut the plasmid and then use the enzyme DNA ligase to join the HGH enzyme into the plasmid. Then you would insert the plasmid into a E. coli and allow the E coli to divide, producing the HGH protein. You should then separate the HGH from the E. coli. 9. Medicine: Gene Therapy, Making medications Agriculture: Making improved transgenic crops or livestock (with specific traits or a greater yield)

p229

1. a.proto-oncogene b. repressors c.cancer d. promoter e. X chromosome inactivation f.enhancers g. RNA splicing 7. proto oncogenes code for growth factors that control cell division- E 8. Stem cells can become any cell in the body while adult stem cells cannot-B

Sheet Questions 2. A tumor supressor is a gene that normally prevents tumors from forming so A

2. Cancers are more common in organs where cell division is common because cancer is a disease of the cell cycle control system and the genes associated with the cell cycle and cell division are also those associated with the formation of cancer.

3. You are testing if an increase in the production of p53 is caused by the cell making more (transcribing/translating) p53 or if the cell already had the p53 made, just requiring it to be activated once the DNA was damaged.

You could test for this by isolating cells and placing them on a growth medium that had radioactive amino acids or florescent amino acids. If these amino acids are the only source for that cell, you can check on the production of proteins, including p53.

You would then allow the cells to produce proteins like normal. You could then isolate the proteins made and see if p53 had already been produced.

You could then expose the cells to radiation or another mutagen, then isolate the proteins made and see if p53 had been produced after the DNA was damaged.

4. Nuclear blasts give off radiation, which is a type of mutagen which can cause cancer. People who have sunburns or tanning have been exposed to radiation from the sun (also powered by nuclear energy, albeit a different nuclear reaction) which can also cause mutations and cancer. Since both sets of people were exposed to types of radiation, you could conclude that radiation causes cancer.

6. The earlier that you detect cancer, the more options you have for treatment and there is a chance that it has not spread.

4. Older people are more likely to get cancer because, in order for cancer to form, many mutations of specific genes (such as proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressing genes) must accumulate. This takes time. However, environmental factors (such as smoking) will cause this process to accelerate.

Back

4. By using mice, you can test drugs without harming humans- A

2. A plasmid is a circular piece of DNA found in bacteria- B

1. Restriction enzyme will cut DNA at specific locations. By have taking a gene, placing the appropriate sticky ends on either side of the gene, you can take a plasmid which has been cut by a restriction enzyme and use DNA ligase to insert the gene inside

2. To get foreign DNA in cells, researchers can use plasmids or viruses. Plasmids are circular pieces of DNA which are found naturally in bacteria, making them perfect to introduce DNA into a bacterial cell such as E. coli. Viruses infect cells by inserting their genetic material inside which also makes a virus a good way to insert DNA into a cell, such as that of a human.

2. Opinion

3. Opinion

Human Genome Project

book p252

7- about 21,000 genes

11- Researchers need to identify genes, their functions, what proteins they make, and apply this knowledge especially in the medical and evolutionary fields

14- Opinion

Copied Sheet

Multiple Choice: 1. An open reading frame is a section of DNA that starts with a stop codon and ends with a stop codon- C

2. Shotgun sequecing breaks the genome into pieces, sequencing each piece, and use the overlapping ends to assemble the pieces in the correct order- A

4. Eukaryotic organisms have small genomes but a large number of proteins because of alternative splicing of mRNA- B

Conceputal Review

1. Open reading frames are identified by finding a start codon and a stop codon that are separated by a large number of nucleotides (1000's). It is difficult to find these in eukaryotes because eukaryotes have introns (noncoding regions) that could have start and stop codons in it.

6. Homology is the idea that species that have a similar evolutionary history should have similar proteins and, therefore, similar genes. These can be used to find genes. For example, since we have the human genome sequenced, if we wanted to take a known gene that codes for a protein, we could use that sequence as a starting point for finding the location of a similar gene in a closely related species (such as a chimpanzee).

Group Discussion

4. These results could suggest that even if a chimpanzee has a similar genome to humans, there is more to an organism than there genome. How the genes are expressed must play a role so getting the genome is just the first step in analyzing genes and how they shape an organism.

Gene Expression

Sheet # 5 Alternative splicing refers to when the noncoding regions of mRNA (introns) are removed and the coding regions of the mRNA (exons) are bonded together. The different exons can be joined together in different ways, thus making different proteins from the same starting mRNA (see p215)


 * 5: Humans have about 30,000 genes but produce about 100,000 proteins. As human cells can splice the mRNAs into different combination, one mRNA could produce multiple proteins due to the different ways that the exons can be bonded together.

Book 229


 * 1) 2. Controlling gene expression in multicellular organisms is more difficult because, unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells can differentiate (have different functions). This cellular differentiation is caused by cells being able to make different proteins through this process of gene expression.


 * 1) 3 Cells in the body look different because they have different genes that are active, making different proteins


 * 1) 4 All types of cells have activator and repressor proteins


 * 1) 5 The mRNA was too long because prokaryotic cells do not have introns to remove. As a result, the cell did not remove the introns during splicing in the mRNA so there were non coding regions that affected the protein's function


 * 1) 10 a. If the repressor won't bind the lactose, it will never be inactive so it will always block transcription

b. If the repressor won't bind to the operator and won't stop transcription so the proteins will always be made

c. Same as c

d. If RNA polymerase won't bind, transcription won't occur, resulting in the protein never being made

DNA Replication