Honors+Biology+HW+Solutions

Cell Division

Book

1. C- mitosis does not produce gametes

2. In interphase, the chromosomes are not condensed (coiled up) and therefore are difficult to see

3. B- During the S phase, the amount of DNA will double and the S phase is between G1 and G2

4. Telophase is when the nucleus reforms and prophase is when the nucleus breaks apart

8. Benign tumors remain at the original site while malignant tumors will spread

12. A- chromosomes in center of cell- metaphase

B chromosomes seperated- anaphase

C Chromosomes on either side of cell- either anaphase or telophase

D. Chromosomes starting to condense- prophase

13- opinion

SAT II Sheet

19. All human cells (except egg and sperm) have 46 chromosomes- A

29. D is the correct order

31- prophase is when the chromosomes are starting to condense, such as in cell number 2- there are two such cells so B

32. Cell 1 has two nuclei so it has yet to undergo cytokinesis when the cell splits- E

33. Cell 3 will have twice the DNA as it has not split yet so 32 chromosomes or D

34. 5 is a root hair D

35- Root tips are a region of rapid growth so A

2. a. Chromosomes are coils of DNA and histone proteins. The DNA coils around the proteins. The DNA/protein combination then forms loops which coil to form a chromosome.

b. By coiling up, the DNA is less likely to be damages. It also allows a large amount of DNA to fit inside a cell

Other side (no numbers)

a. Mitosis can be used to replace old cells, growth, and in asexual organisms, for reproduction.

b. In the S phase, the DNA is copied. You can see the 2 chromatids stuck together to form a chromosomes in the picture or could test the amount of DNA before and after the S phase

c. Should have a picture of 2 cells with 4 chromatid apiece inside

Carrot

If a carrot has 18 chromosomes, after mitosis, the cell should still have 18 chromosomes so B

Lung cancer cells, as with all cancer cells, do not regulate mitosis correctly, C

Cellular Respiration HW

p102 #5, 6, 7, 9, 13

5. As the electron transport chain creates the most ATP during cellular respiration, by stopping this, cyanide would result in death due to a lack of enough ATP

6. b- Glucose generates about 38 ATP through cellular respiration

7. d obligate anaerobes are killed by oxygen

9. b- lactic acid will build up when there is a lack of oxygen (anaerobic conditions)

13. Opinion

p117#9,11

9. c- both involve pumping hydrogen ions

11. There are several reasons for this

First, the trees also go through cellular respiration which means they do use some of the oxygen that is produced during photosynthesis

Second, products of the trees can be eaten by organisms, ultimately resulting in the production of carbon dioxide

SAT II Sheet

1. Cellular respiration creates ATP 2. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts NOT mitochondria 7. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate 8. This describes the Krebs Cycle 9. Fermentation does not involve oxygen so it is anaerobic respiration

14. Animals do not contain cellulose (its in a cell wall) 29. Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid which is toxic 31 The Calvin-Benson cycle is another term for the light independent phase of photosynthesis 32. The Calvin cycle takes place in the storm of chloroplasts 33. ATP= adenosine triphosphate 34 Glucose would be stored in a plant as starch 35 Both the Calvin and Krebs Cycles regenerate their starting molecules

87. Oxygen is produces as a result of photosynthesis 88. All three are controls 89. Green light is reflected by chlorophyll, making the plants look green 90 Since yellow light is between green and orange, you would expect it to be about the same as these colors 91. Photosynthesis depends on light wavelength

HW Photosynthesis

p117 1. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid which the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma 2. Inputs: CO2, Light, H2O (a,d,e) Outputs: Sugar, O2 (b,c) 3. Green is the least effective because chlorophyll reflects green light and does not absorb it so it could be used for photosynthesis 4.Water 5. c- ATP and NADPH 6. The Calvin Cycle Depends on products of the light reaction phase (ATP and NADPH) in order to function so really, in order for the Calvin cycle to work, the light reaction phase must also be occurring 7. When the stomata are opened, carbon dioxide can get inside which is required for photosynthesis. However, when the stomata are opened, water can also be lost which can eventually kill the plant 8. Sugar production can occur when stomata are closed because these plants can harvest Carbon dioxide even if the stomata are closed or, in the case of CAM plants, the CO2 can be stored and used at another time 12. Case 1: Obtain radioactive oxygen and incorporate it into water. Allow plant cells to uptake the radioactive water. Provide conditions so photosynthesis can occur. Check to see if the oxygen is radioactive. If radioactive, oxygen is from water.

Case 2: Obtain radioactive oxygen and incorporate it into carbon dioxide. Allow plant cells to uptake the radioactive CO2. Provide conditions so photosynthesis can occur. Check to see if the oxygen is radioactive. If radioactive, oxygen is from carbon dioxide.

13. Opinion

HW Cell Transportation

Multiple Choice Sheets have correct answers on them- except short answer

a. The plasma membrane is made of phospholipids (with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads) that are arranged tail to tail in a bilayer. There are also proteins and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane.

b. Two functions of the membrane is to be the boundary of the cell and to either allow or prevent substances from entering/exiting the cell.

c. The plasma membrane is the boundary of the cell and can prevent substances from moving in and out because of the phospholipids and their hydrophobic and hydrophilic tails/heads. Proteins in the plasma membrane can aid with transportation of substances that need to get in or out of the cell.

Book p71

New HW:p71 #4: The plasma membrane is made of phospholipids in a bilayer with proteins in it so b is the answer.

p86 4: When a phosphate is moved from the ATP molecule it can then be transferred to areas in the cell and used to move substances, aid in chemical reactions, or transport substances in/out of the cell ( see figure 5.6)

7:The movement of smoke from an area of high concentration (in the cigarette) to an area of low concentration (the room) would be diffusion- B

8: Since sucrose can't pass through the membrane, water will move to the higher sucrose solution. Since we want the cell to shrink, we would want water to move outside of the cell so we would want a hypertonic sucrose solution- A

Since urea can move through the plasma membrane, the urea and not the water would move into/out of the cell which could not cause the cell to shrink.

9: Energy is required in active transport only- B

10: A signal transduction pathway - see page 84

HW Cells

Multiple Choice Sheets have correct answers on them

Book p71 1. Since Emily wants to film the movement of chromosomes, the cell must be alive so the light microscope is the only option- D

2. The big difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have a nucleus which prokaryotes do not- B

3. Prokaryotic cells are divided into two domains- bacteria and archaea (see page 58 for details)

5. There are two types of ER- Smooth ER makes lipids and Rough ER makes proteins

6. Since proteins are being made and the instructions for proteins are found in the nucleus, the nucleus would be radioactively labeled

Also, since we are dealing with proteins, the protein will be made by a ribosome on the rough ER which will also be labeled

Finally, once the protein is made, it must be distributed, which would be done by the Golgi apparatus

This is also the correct order for when the label will appear

8. a. ribosomes make proteins-3 b. microtubules aid in movement 1 c.mitochondria do cellular respiration-5 d. chloroplasts do photosynthesis- 2 e. lysosomes digest molecules- 4

9. DNA has the instructions for making proteins. DNA is kept in the nucleus.

DNA is transcribed into RNA and the RNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores

The RNA then goes to a ribosome on the rough ER to make the protein through translation

That protein then goes to the Golgi apparatus where it is modified, stored, and distributed.

HW Protein Synthesis/ Transcription/Translation

Book p197#2,4,5,6

2. The correct answer is B- A chromosome consists of DNA and can be seen in a microscope. A gene is one part of a DNA strand, a codon are 3 nucleotides, and a nucleotide is a nucleic acid monomer

4. If the DNA is GTA, the mRNA will be CAU, the tRNA will be GUA, [all use base pairing rules] and the amino acid (using the chart) will be His

5. See transcription and translation notes



6. ribosomes, tRNA, mRNA are involved with translation mRNA, RNA polymerase are involved with transcription DNA polymerase is involved with DNA replication

SAT II Sheet



Extra Homework Sheet

1. How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene? How does it know when to stop? RNA polymerase binds to the start of a gene (the promotor) and it stops transcribing at the end of a gene (the terminator)

2. Draw a diagram of a ribosome. Label the large subunit, small subunit, P site, A site. Explain where the mRNA binds and where the tRNAs bind. See notes on translation for ribosome picture tRNA binds to either P or A site and the mRNA binds to the small subunit 3. Explain what the steps in RNA processing are.

During RNA processing, the introns (nonprotein coding regions) are removed from the mRNA and the exons (the regions with directions for making a protein) are joined together.
 * 1) For the compounds listed below, list which part of protein synthesis (transcription, RNA processing, translation) would be affected if the indicated compound somehow malfunction in an organism:
 * 2) mRNA- required for RNA processing and translation
 * 3) ribosome- required in translation
 * 4) amino acids- required in translation
 * 5) RNA polymerase- required in transcription but, as it creates mRNA, its malfunction would also affect RNA processing and translation
 * 6) tRNA- translation
 * 7) free RNA nucleotides in the nucleus- required in transcription but, as it creates mRNA, its malfunction would also affect RNA processing and translation

HW DNA Structure Due Nov 15

Book p197 1. A molecule of DNA contains two polymer strands called POLYNUCLEOTIDES made by bonding many monomers called NUCLEOTIDES together. Each monomer contains 3 parts: A SUGAR, PHOSPHATE, NITROGEN BASE (A,T,C,G) (answers from 173- 174)

8.If the bacteriophage (the virus) has the protein coat of A and the DNA of B and were allowed to infect a bacteria, the only thing that would make it into the bacteria would be the DNA of B. The DNA of B would then use the cell to make more of the B viruses, so we would see, as a result, only the protein and DNA of B. (Answers D) (answers from p189-190)

9. HIV requires an enzyme REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE to convert its RNA genome to a DNA version.

10. Since reverse transcriptase really only is found in viruses it would be a good target for anti-AIDS drugs as humans do not have reverse transcriptase. (p193)

12. Hershey and Chase found that the DNA was injected into the virus, suggesting that DNa and proteins is the genetic material.

For a review of the experiment, please see the notes or this animation http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120076/bio21.swf

13. Opinion

HW Organic Molecules Due Oct 21



HW Biochemistry Due Oct 14