Earth+Science+HW

Circulation

doldrums- calm winds at ITCZ

Hadley cell- Warm air at equator rises, cold air falls at 30 degrees

ITCZ- Area usually around the equator where winds from north and south hemisphere combine

polar easterlies- winds found from 60 degrees to the pole

jet stream- an area of strong wind between cells

3. See diagrams on page 2 below 12. See diagrams on pages 6/7 above

15 Upper ocean currents will move in the same direction as the prevailing winds in that area

PGF- Pressure gradient force- Force that causes air to move from high pressure areas to low pressure areas and causes wind

Coriolis force- Force due to the circulation of the Earth, causes objects to deflect right in N hemisphere and left in S hemisphere

9 Warmer air is associated with high pressure aloft, colder air with low pressure aloft

10 First law: Object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an external force

Second Law: Force = mass *acceleration

14- Northern hemisphere- causes objects to deflect right/ clockwise Southern hemisphere- causes objects to deflect left or clockwise

15. An increase in latitude or wind speed will cause the Coriolis effect to increase

Clouds

Definitions

Stable atmosphere: Air parcel is cold and the surrounding air is warm

Unstable atmosphere: Air parcel is warm and the surrounding air is cold

Orographic Uplift: When a large obstacle (mountain) causes air to ride, forming clouds

Rain shadow: On the leeward side of mountains, there is warm and dry air and not much precipitation

Supercooled water: Water that is still liquid despite being at a temperature below the freezing point

3. The atmosphere can be stable if an air parcel is colder than the surrounding air; this occurs at night or when air passes over a cold area. The atmosphere can be more unstable when an air parcel is warmer than the surrounding air; this occurs during the day (due to the sun) or when air passes over a warmer area.

6. Strato type clouds occur in stable air; cumulus in unstable air.

8. Cumulus clouds are large heaps or puffs of clouds that do not cover the entire sky, allowing the blue sky to be seen. Since cumulus clouds are vertical clouds they occur in unstable air which would allow them to grow upwards and not spread horizontally over the sky.

10. Clouds form when the air temperature is lowered below the dew point allowing water vapor to condense on condensation nuclei.

11. On the windward side of mountains, clouds form, trapping most water vapor. By the time the air gets to the leeward side of the mountain, there is little water vapor and the air will be dry.

12. Leeward

14. Collision and Coalescence: A large cloud droplet falls and collides with small droplets (usually of an opposite charge). When they collide, they sick together, forming a rain drop.

15. Ice Crystal: An ice crystal falls through a cloud, picking up supercooled drops of water; when the supercooled water is in contact with the ice crystal, it freezes, making the crystal larger. Eventually the ice crystal falls to Earth either as snow or (if it melts) rain

21. Freezing rain is a supercooled rain droplet that freezes on contact with a cold surface. Sleet is snow that melted and then refroze before reaching the surface.

15. High: cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus

Middle: Altostratus, altocumulus

Low: stratocumulus, stratus, nimbostratus

16. Altostratus clouds are thin, grey in color, usually made of water. Cirrostratus are usually white and made of ice.

17. b, d cumulonimbus g. nimbostratus, stratus

Humidity HW

Key Words

Evaporation: Liquid water to water vapor

Condensation: Water vapor to liquid water

saturation- When the air has as much water as it can hold; when the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation

humidity- The amount of water vapor in the air

relative humidity- Ratio of amount of water vapor in air to the amount of water vapor needed for the air to be saturated

wet bulb temperature- lowest temperature that can be reached by evaporating water in air

heat index- a scale that combines the relative humidity and air temperature to determine the apparent temperature

dew point temperature- Temperature at which dew will form; temperature to which air must be cooled for saturation to occur

dew- When water vapor condenses on cold surfaces

frost- air cools below freezing, causing water vapor to change directly into ice

6a Relative humidity is a way to compare the amount of water vapor in the air to the water capacity of the air. It can also help us determine the apparent temperature- how warm it feels.

c. Relative humidity can be changed by changing the temperature or the amount of water vapor in the air

7. The higher the relative humidity, the lower the rate of evaporations. Since humans cool in part by evaporating water from the skin, the higher relative humidity will prevent evaporation and the humans from cooling down.

8. The greater wet bulb temperature the lower the relative humidity so the lower the evaporation rate.

9b. The greater the difference between dew point and air temperature, the lower the relative humidity.

11. At night, the surface cools rapidly but the air doesn't cool as rapidly. As a result, water vapor in the air will condense on cool surfaces forming dew. If the air cools below freezing, the water vapor in the air will freeze into ice, forming frost.

Heating Earth HW from sheet

Key words:

Kinetic energy- energy of motion temperature- average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance heat- transfer of energy from warm object to cold radiant energy (radiation)- Type of energy that comes from the sun (such as UV, X rays, visible light, infrared etc) scattering- when light hits an object and it reflects in many directions

1. Temperature is the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance and heat is the transfer of energy from warm object to cold

2. Conduction- The sun's energy is absorbed by the Earth. This energy is transferred to the a couple of inches of air since air is a poor conductor. Convection- Warm air (heated by conduction) is less dense and rises, forming a pocket of air. As it rises, it transfers energy to the atmosphere, heating it. As this occurs, the temperature of the pocket of air decreases, causing it to be more dense and falling to the surface. It will then be heated again and the cycle will repeat. Radiation- Radiation from the sun is absorbed by the Earth

8. Selective absorbers don't absorb all wavelengths of light, only certain ones.

9. Selective absorbers, such as water or carbon dioxide absorb energy from the sun and reemit it as infrared radiation back to Earth, helping to heat the surface and lower the atmospheric temperature

14. During the summer, the northern hemisphere tilts towards the sun, getting more sun as compared to winter.

15. Factors that determine seasonal temperature variations include altitude and latitude.

17. In the northern hemisphere, the sun sets in the west and rises in the east, resulting in more sunlight on the south side of the mountain.

Earthquake HW

p300 #1 Elastic rebound is when deformed rock returns to its original shape

2 The focus is the place underground where an Earthquake starts. The epicenter is the point above the focus on the surface.

3 Body waves (S and P waves) travel through Earth. Surface waves travel on the surface of Earth

4 P and S waves move through liquids and solids differently and you can use this data to determine the composition of the Earth

5 S waves don't travel through liquids. P waves travel slower in liquids than in solids. Both can be reflected or change direction depending on the composition of the materials they are moving through

8 Shallow (less than 70 km) earthquakes tend to be the most powerful.

p304 #1 Seismographs are used to record seismic waves.

4 The Richter scale uses seismogram data to determine the strength of the earthquake. The Mercalli scale measures the intensity of the earthquake and how much damage it causes.

p308 #1 Tsumanis are caused when an earthquake occurs undersea.

2 Earthquakes can cause buildings to move or to collapse.

Volcano HW

HW 324 #3 Magma is molten rock underneath the surface of Earth. Lava is magma that has reached the surface.

5 Volcanoes occur at convergent plate boundaries, hot spots, and mid ocean ridges (divergent boundaries)

6 Hot spots form when a mantle plume reaches the crust. The magma from the mantle plume will reach the surface of Earth, erupting, and cooling into rock. Repeated eruptions will cause volcanoes to form.

9 They are hot spots

HW 330 #1,4,5,6,7

1. Mafic (basaltic) : High temperature, thin lava, dark in color, flows quickly

Felsic (rhyolitic): Low temperature, thick lava, light in color, flows slowly

4. Pyroclastic material is solid material that erupts from a volcano such as ash, dust, small rocks, large rocks

5 Strato or Cinder cone: Form from pyroclastic explosions; steep slopes

Shield volcano: Forms from basaltic lava; broad base, gradual slopes

Composite: Forms from lava and pyroclastic materials; high elevation

Volcanic dome: Forms from rhyolitic lava; rounded, steep

6. Calderas form when part of the magma chamber empties, causing the volcano to collapse, forming a basin

7. earthquake activity, uplifting or tilting of ground, increase of carbon dioxide or UV rays

Mountain HW p278 #1: Isostatic adjustments refer to the fact that as a mountain becomes eroded (looses mass), the buoyant force from the mantle causes the crust to rebound, causing the mountain to raise in elevation. This occurs until gravity and the buoyant force are equal to each other and there is no change in elevation (isostasy)

p284 #1: Convergent boundaries can cause mountains on land. Transform fault boundaries can form fault block mountains as pieces of rock as uplifted or dropped. Divergent boundaries can form mid ocean ridges.

2 Folded mountains form when two plates collide, causing the ground to uplift and deform, forming mountains

3 Plateaus can form in the same way as folded mountains (due to uplift of rocks). However, plateaus can also form after repeated lava flows or due to a magma intrusion.

4. Fault block mountains form when the movement of a fault causes large blocks of rocks to tilt and drop downwards. The higher blocks are the mountains, the portions that drop are grabens

5 A dome mountains form when magma intrudes into the Earth, causing rock layers to deform and form mountains

Plate Tectonics HW

p246 #2,3,4,5,7

2. Fossils: Fossils of the same species were found on continents that are oceans apart. Unless the continents were once connected, how could the same species be in two different place. Also, fossils of tropical organisms were found in arctic areas and vise versa. Shape of Continents: The continents appear to be pieces of a giant puzzle that fit together

3. At the crest of mid ocean ridges magma, from the mantle, intrudes into the crust, cools, forming new rock and mid ocean ridges. As this new rock forms, the old rock on either side of the ridge is pushed away from the crest, causing the sea floor to spread.

4. Rocks have small pieces of magnetic materials in them (such as iron). When the rock was liquid magma, the pieces of iron were free to move and would align with the magnetic field of the Earth. When the rock cooled, the alignment would be permanent. When scientist examine layers of rock, they can see a change in the alignment of the pieces of iron, suggesting that Earth's magnetic field can change direction.

5. On either side of a mid ocean ridge, the pattern of magnetic alignment are mirror images. This suggests that the magma cooled at the center and then, as the sea floor spread, the rocks with the same magnetic alignment moved away in opposite directions, creating the mirror image.

7. Since new rock forms at the crest of the ridge, we would expect the youngest rocks to be there. As new rock is formed, the old rock must be pushed out of the way to make room, which is what sea floor spreading is.

p254 #1,3,4,5,6

1. Plate tectonic theory states that Earth's crust is made up of a series of large fragments that move relative to one another.

3. Divergent: Plates move apart Convergent: Plates move together Transform Fault: Plates slide past each other

4. Convergent boundaries: Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Mountains Form, Trenches

Divergent: Sea Floor Spreading, Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Rifts

5. Convection is the process by which hot magma, which is less dense, will rise towards the surface of Earth. As it rises, it cools, becoming more dense, and it sinks back down forming a cycle (See Figure 6 p252). This movement of magma drags the plates, causing motion.

6. As the sea floor spreads, the older rock away from the crest of the mid ocean ridge, will slowly sink back into the Earth. As this occurs, it pushes the plate away from the crest of the mid ocean ridge (or ridge pull).

With slab pull, as the plate is sinking into the Earth, the gravitational force begins to increase on the plate, pulling the rest of the plate down to inside the Earth.

Fossils and Plate Tectonics Done in Class



Fossil Relative and Absolute Dating HW

p200#1,2,3,4,5,6,7

1. See Table 1 on p198/199

2. Imprints of organisms, molds and casts, coprolites, or gastroliths provide indirect evidence.

3. If a fossil is inside of layer of rock, it must be older than that rock (law of inclusions). If the scientist can determine the age of the rock or the fossil, they could determine the relative age of the other unknown object.

4. Mummification is when an organism's internal organs are removed and the corpse is wrapped in cloth. Petrification is when minerals, such as silica, calcite, or pyrite, replace organic materials in an organism. The organism are covered by layers of sediment.

5. Index fossils are fossils that are usually found in rocks from a certain (short) time period. If you were to find an index fossil in a type of rock, you could know the absolute age of that rock.

6. The answer can vary but in general, animals must have hard tissue, such as bones or shells, in order to be fossilized.

7. The rocks must have the same age because of the presence of the same index fossil.

Absolute Dating 196#1,2,4,5,6,7

1. With relative age, you compare the ages of rocks. With absolute age, you can get the age in years.

2. Erosion and deposition can change over time.

4. With radiometric dating, you can determine the amount of a parent isotope, the amount of the daughter isotope in a sample and then, using a table or calculations, determine the age of the sample.

5. Half life is the amount of time it takes half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay into the daughter isotope. Since half life doesn't change, it can be used to calculate the age of a substance (as outlined above)

6. See table 1 on page 195.

7. Since the shark was once living, it would have had Carbon in it and not Uranium so you would want to use Carbon dating to determine the age.

190#1,2,3,4,5,6,8

1. There are many reasons why relative age is important. First, it can help you compare the age of fossils found in the layers. It can also help to determine the history of the Earth and what the conditions on Earth were like in the past.

2. Uniformitarianism is the idea that geologic process going on right now, such as volcanoes, erosion, earthquakes, are similar to geologic processes that occurred in the past.

3. If a rock layer is on top of another rock layer, the top layer will be younger.

4. An unconformity is a gap in the geologic record. A nonconformity is a type of unconformity in which a magma intrusion occurred, causing metamorphic or igneous rocks to form.

5. An angular unconformity is one where horiztonal rock layers are on top of tilted rock layers. In a disconformity, all layers are either tilted or horizontal but not both.

6. When an object crosscuts another object, the crosscut will be younger.

8. Since the fault ends at the unconformity, and not before, the unconformity must be the oldest, followed by the fault (a crosscut) and then, finally, the layers on top will be the youngest.

p203#33,34,35

33.A is younger because it crosscuts fault 10

34. Feature 5 is an angular unconformity that was caused by weathering.

35. Layer X is older because it is on the bottom of layer Y.

Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary HW

HW p134#1,3,7,8

1. Three factos that affect the melting of rock is heat, pressure, and if there is fluid present.

2. Coarse igneous rocks tend to have large crystals because they cooled slowly inside of the Earth (instrusive). Fine grain igneous rocks tend to have small crystals because they cooled quickly on the surface of Earth (extrusive).

7. In order to control the size of the crystals, you would have to control the temperature (to make the crystals grow larger, you would need to slowly cool the magma).

8. Felsic because it is light in color.

p144#1,2,3,6

1. Metamorphic rock forms when rock is under great heat and pressure and chemically changes but does not melt.

2. Regional acts over a larger area and involved tectonic movement. Contact occurs in small regions around igneous intrusions.

3. Foliated rocks are those that have layers/bands. Nonfoliated do not have layers/bands.

6. See Figure 1 in this section.

p146#5

Intrusive rocks form when rocks cool inside of the Earth (usually slowly, forming large coarse rocks). Extrusive rocks form when rocks cool on the surface of Earth (usually quickly, forming small fine grain rocks)

Compare and contrast felsic and mafic rocks

Felsic rocks tend to be lighter in color because it is made of lighter colored minerals such as quartz or feldspars. Mafic rocks tend to be darker in color because it is made of dark colored minerals such as olivine or biotite mica).

p140#1,2,4,6

1. Compacting is when sediments are squeezed together because of pressure applied by the increasing mass of the sediments above it.

Cementing is when sediments are chemically joined together by minerals in water.

2. Chemical rocks are those that precipitate out of a solution. Organic/bioclastic rock includes remains of living substances. See p136 for examples.

4. During transportation, the shape of sediments become more rounded due to erosion and weathering.

6. Rounded and smooth rocks have been more weathered and eroded (have traveled a longer distance). Angular, uneven rocks are those that have not been as weathered and eroded as much.

p128 #1-3, 7,8

1/2 The three types of rocks are igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Igneous rocks forms when either magma or lava cools. Metamorphic rocks form when another type of rock changes due to extreme heat and/or pressure. Sedimentary rocks form when small pieces of rock or organic matter join together through lithification.

3. To see the steps in the rock cycle, see your notes or Figure 2 in Chp 6 section 1.

7. Every rock does not go through the complete rock cycle. For example, some igneous or metamorphic rock are never uplifted and therefore could never erode into sediment. Not all sedimentary rocks are under extreme heat/ pressure so could not become metamorphic rocks or melt into magma and eventual cool to igneous rocks.

8. Since sedimentary rocks are made up of small pieces of igenous and metamorphic rock, this does suggest that the rock cycle happens.